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A cognitive module is, in theories of the modularity of mind and the closely related society of mind theory, a specialised tool or sub-unit that can be used by other parts to resolve cognitive tasks. The question of their existence and nature is a major topic in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology. Some see cognitive modules as an independent part of the mind.〔Max Coltheart: (''Modularity and cognition'' ) - Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1999〕 Others also see new thought patterns achieved by experience as cognitive modules.〔Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda 1992 ''The Psychological Foundations of Culture'', in Barkow, Jerome H., Cosmides, Leda, Tooby, John, (1992) ''The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture,'' Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-506023-7, page 30-32.〕 Other theories similar to the ''cognitive module'' are ''cognitive description'',〔Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda 1992 ''The Psychological Foundations of Culture'', in Barkow, Jerome H., Cosmides, Leda, Tooby, John, (1992) ''The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture,'' Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-506023-7, page 64.〕 ''cognitive pattern''〔Doreen Kimura, Elizabeth Hampson (1994) ''Cognitive Pattern in Men and Women Is Influenced by Fluctuations in Sex Hormones.'' Current Directions in Psychological Science 3 (2), 57–61. .〕 and ''psychological mechanism''. Such a mechanism, if created by evolution, is known as ''evolved psychological mechanism''.〔David M. Buss: ''Evolutionary Psychology - The New Science of the Mind''] - 2nd edition, Pearson Education 2004, pages 50ff.〕 ==Examples== Some examples of cognitive modules: * The modules controlling your hands when you ride a bike, to stop it from crashing, by minor left and right turns. * The modules that allow a basketball player to accurately put the ball into the basket by tracking ballistic orbits.〔Ralf Th. Krampe, Ralf Engbert and Reinhold Kliegl: "Representational Models and Nonlinear Dynamics: Irreconcilable Approaches to Human Movement Timing and Coordination or Two Sides of the Same Coin? Introduction to the Special Issue on Movement Timing and Coordination", Brain and Cognition Volume 48, Issue 1, February 2002, Pages 1-6.〕 * The modules that recognise hunger and tell you that you need food.〔David M. Buss: ''Evolutionary Psychology - The New Science of the Mind''] - 1st edition, Pearson Education 2004, pages 71-87.〕 This cognitive module may be dysfunctional for people with eating disorders, for them various non-hunger distress emotions may wrongly make them feel hungry and causes them to eat.〔Palme, G., ("Comfort by eating (or starving)" )〕〔Palme, G. and Palme, J., Personality characteristics of females seeking treatment for obesity, bulimia nervosa and alcoholic disorders, Personality and Individual Differences 26 (1999), 255-263.〕〔Hilde Bruch, The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa. Publisher: Vintage (March 12, 1979) Language: English ISBN 0-394-72688-X ISBN 978-0394726885〕 * The modules that cause you to appreciate a beautiful flower, painting or person.〔David M. Buss: ''Evolutionary Psychology - The New Science of the Mind''] - 2nd edition, Pearson Education 2004, pages 407-410.〕 * The modules that make humans very efficient in recognising faces, already shown in Rhesus monkeys and in two-month-old babies, see Face perception.〔Bruce, Vicki; Young, Andy: "Understanding face recognition", British Journal of Psychology. 1986 Aug Vol 77(3) 305-327.〕 * The modules that cause some humans to be jealous of their partners' friends.〔David M. Buss: ''Evolutionary Psychology - The New Science of the Mind''] - 2nd edition, Pearson Education 2004, pages 325-330.〕〔(The Evolution of Jealousy: The Specific Innate Module Theory ) Scientific American, Volume: 92 Number: 1, (January–February 2004)〕 * The modules that compute the speeds of incoming vehicles and tells you if you have time to cross without crashing into said vehicles.〔Ralf Th. Krampe, Ralf Engbert and Reinhold Kliegl: "Representational Models and Nonlinear Dynamics: Irreconcilable Approaches to Human Movement Timing and Coordination or Two Sides of the Same Coin? Introduction to the Special Issue on Movement Timing and Coordination", Brain and Cognition Volume 48, Issue 1, February 2002, Pages 1-6.〕 * The modules that cause parents to love and care for their children.〔David M. Buss: ''Evolutionary Psychology - The New Sciend of the Mind''] - 2nd edition, Pearson Education 2004, pages 188ff〕 * The libido modules.〔David M. Buss: ''Evolutionary Psychology - The New Science of the Mind''] - 2nd edition, Pearson Education 2004, pages 103 ff.〕 * Modules that specifically discern the movements of animals.〔(Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise ) Joshua New, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, October 2, 2007; 104 (40)〕〔(More news from the savannah ) The Economist, Sep 27th 2007〕 * The fight or flight reflex choice modules.〔W.B. Cannon: Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Research Into the Function of Emotional Excitement, 2nd ed. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1929〕〔(Daniel Kruger and Randolph Nesse: Sexual selection and the Male:Female Mortality Ratio ), (Human Nature Review 2004. 2: 68 ).〕〔Arthur S.P. Jansen: Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response, ''Science'' 27 October 1995: Vol. 270. no. 5236, pp. 644 - 646.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cognitive module」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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